Female Stereotypes In The Media Essay - 973 Words

Female Stereotypes In The Media In the media the most common female stereotypes, are the housewife and the blonde bimbo. The Housewife. Chained to the kitchen sink, always cleaning and cooking. An old stereotype. In the advertisement for Shake `n Vac a woman is doing the vacuuming and dancing around shaking Shake `n Vac on the floor. This is a stereotype for the reason that a man is nowhere to be found. But in advertisements for intelligent matters like finance, its always a man. At first, when I saw the advertisement for Mc Cains chips, I thought the woman in it wasnt stereotypical, as she was not cooking the meal, the man was. But after a while I saw that this was just for†¦show more content†¦For instance, I saw an advertisement in which a woman was showing some people round her house. She shows them the rooms and then she says, à ´And heres my garage,à ¶ and you see this room with white ceilings, white wallpaper, cupboards and lights and a car. This was meant to be humorous showing that this woman went to the extreme of even tiding up her garage. The Blonde Bimbo. Long or fluffy hair, revealing clothes. Sometimes dumb, not able to use machines, dependant on her man, not able to do anything, cant control her emotions over men. When I watched the TV to find some examples of stereotypes, the first thing I saw was a trailer for a documentary about David Bailey. Included were lots of female models. They were all skinny, they had really thick make-up on and lots of them were blonde. The dialogue included à ´The photographer slept with 300 womenà ¶ and one of his models saying, à ´Yeah Ill get my tits out for him.à ¶ The trailer was representing all of the models as sluts. Changing the channel to Challenge TV some more stereotypes of women appeared. The females on the show were the presenter of the game show, Donna Air, who had long curly blonde hair, and a shirt with half the buttons not done up showing off her bra, and a contestant who also had blonde hair, had big boobs, and was wearing a low cut top and was referred to by the other host as à ´Sexy ZoÙ!à ¶ ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Stereotypes Of African American Females Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes are instilled in us at a young age by our previous experiences and by our parents. Whether they are positive or negative, African American females have to deal with these on a daily basis. Stereotypes often influence the way people view themselves and the way others view them. These are represented in American media, such as commercials and other advertisements. 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Strategy Paper- Philip Morris Example

Essays on Strategy Paper- Philip Morris Case Study Task Case Study Philip Morris was one of the 50 principal firms in the United s in 1977 with revenues of about $5.2 billion as well as an asset base of approximately $4 billion. Philip Morris was established in the 19th century and its prime business until 1960s was manufacture and sale of cigarettes. The company acquisition of the soft drink company-Seven-Up will demand that the company should implement some key strategies to make sure that the acquisition becomes profitable. Before undertaking the acquisition, there is need for Morris to form risk management team. The risk management team will undertake research on the potential risks that may arise as a result of the acquisition. Risks pose many challenges to the business, thus it is important to study them and make some key decisions. This will assist Morris to make decisions regarding the acquisitions of the soft drink company (Hoffmann 58). Pricing is important based on the rivalry in the beverage industry. The management should study the prices offered by the rivals through market research. This is because pricing need to put into consideration prices offered by the rival companies in the same industry. Because the company deals with cigarette products, it means that it has to identify different market segments to sell the soft drinks. This will be based on the prices offered by the rival firms. The pricing strategy should be based on differentiation on potency, taste, and feel concerning the new product. Morris should get information regarding prices from market research through interviewing customers (Hoffmann 58). There is need for Morris to understand the probability of the success that the acquisition carries. The management should evaluate the feasibility of acquiring the soft drink firm. This is because not all acquisition will be profitable. The means that the company should carry out valuation of the company to make sure that there is high chance of the company availing profits. This will also avert risks because the valuation process will be used to make decisions on whether to acquire the company or not. Therefore, rather than Morris looking at acquisition as a portfolio, they should look at them as individual event (Hoffmann 59). It has been established that acquisition is an expensive undertaking, therefore, there is a need to have sufficient capital to acquire the company. Just acquiring the company is not enough, but the company should set aside some funds that will used settle any eventually and make the business rolling. Morris should make sure that there are sufficient funds to make the company successful. The company has well established funds, but this is not enough based on the fact there are several risks that may come along. There is the option of seeking additional funds from financial institutions in terms of management (Hoffmann 59). Morris has the responsibility of analyzing the market for the new product and determining if it will be feasible to pursue the acquisition. This will entail ascertaining the extent at which the competitors have dominated the market. Understanding the nature of competition is very paramount towards making business decisions. Furthermore, he should consider looking at potential laws that govern the acquisition to avoid possible litigations after acquisition. Morris should intensively probe the Seven-Up to make sure that they clear any form of litigation. The element of taxation should be ensured it will affect the performance of the business. In some cases, may be the company has been evading paying taxes. This will avert any form of litigation arising from such acquisition (Hoffmann 59). Work Cited Hoffmann, Norman W. Mergers and Acquisitions Strategy for Consolidations: Roll-up, Roll- Out, and Innovate for Superior Growth and Returns. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print.

Plant and Animal Cell Free Essays

First of all, plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells. They have complex structures but they both have major differences, as well some similarities. Plant cell are usually larger than animal cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Plant and Animal Cell or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both types of cells have many organelles. The plant cell has a few more organelles than the animal cell but for the most part they  have the same organelles. Animal and plant cells both have a nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and  endoplasmic reticulum. Only plant cells have a cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast, and plastids. Both cells are controlled by a nucleus and otherwise they wouldn’t be able to function without it. As well, the ribosomes go through a process called synthesis of proteins, these proteins are necessary for life in the cells. The Golgi apparatus packs the proteins to stay in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is categorized into two parts, Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it; it packs the proteins made by the ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes but it detoxifies poisonous material in the cell. Furthermore, animal cells are rounded and irregular in shape, while plant cells have fixed rectangular shapes. Plant cell have cell wall which makes a rectangular structure, these structure are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and a variety of other materials, but animal cells don’t have this cell wall causing it to have dynamic shapes (spherical shape). Plant cells have chloroplasts for the utilization of sunlight and this is what contributes for a plant to look green. Plant cell do photosynthesis while animal cells can’t. The chloroplast is only present in plant cell because they make their own food. Also plant cells contains a large central vacuole that is enclosed by a membrane that makes up 90% of the cell volume, while as compared to the animal cell, it has one or more vacuole but smaller that the plant cell. Also plant cell have plastids and animal cell don’t have. Plastids are small organs in the cytoplasm that stores colored pigment and food. Plant cells use linking pores in their cell wall to connect to each other and pass information while anima cells depend on an analogous system of gap-junctions that allows communication between cells. Animal cells have centrioles, cilia and lysosomes but plant cells have no need for centrioles because their spindle fibers are connected to the cell wall. Below are two pictures, one of an animal cell and the other from a plant cell. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Reference: 30 Sep. 2012 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_plant_cells_differ_from_animal_cells 30 Sep. 2012 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_plant_cells_differ_from_animal_cells 30 Sep. 2012 http://scienceray. com/biology/animal-and-plant-cell-similarities-and-differences/ 30 Sep. 2012 http://www. preservearticles. com/201101032391/main-differences-between-plant-and-animal-cell. html 30 Sep. 2012 http://www. diffen. com/difference/Animal_Cell_vs_Plant_Cell How to cite Plant and Animal Cell, Essay examples

Cold Chain Logistics Distribution Network †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cold Chain Logistics Distribution Network. Answer: Introduction: Bolton St vegetable company is a business supplying vegetables of different sizes in major stores and retails in Ireland. The company is currently scrambling with problems relating to capacity, efficiency and safety. Some of the problems its facing include: large quantity of vegetables are being discarded from its supply chain system, several complains are emanating from customers due to incorrect orders, and its employees are complaining of workloads and safety issues. Recently the company acquired a new major order in which the management is uncomfortable that it might affect its capacity, efficiency and safety of its operations. In addition they feel they might not handle the nature of the order. Any kind of new additional order can affect a companys capacity to handle, store and process (Mangan, Lalwani Lalwani 2016, p.56). Bolton St vegetable company is using one operator and a forklift to handle the fresh vegetables supplied. With addition of extra supplies the existing manpower and machine lacks capacity to handle. The company lacks storage capacity due to lack sufficient storage space and poor stores layout (Waters Rinsler 2014, p.34). The current scenario is that when new supplies are brought they are stacked together with the old ones showing lack of inventory control measures. Another capacity issue is on the processing end of the produce. The current system used in configuring and scheduling processed produce is slow and it leads to unnecessary complains among the truck drivers (Zhu, Crainic Gendreau 2014, p.390). In terms of capacity of storage, handling and processing the company is not ready enough to deal with the new order acquisition. Acquisition of the new order will affect efficiency of the company operations. From the current complains emanating from the truck drivers and customers it justifies lack of efficiency in the company. The load configuration and scheduling system takes more time in releasing orders creating a backload in the dispatch area (Downing 2017, p.115). The transporting and packaging area is equally affected because it leads to wrong orders delivery to customers. Stacking of new supplies of vegetables over old ones is a quality issue that needs to be corrected in ensuring quality produce is being delivered (Daofang, Jinfeng Danping 2015, p.9). Lack of efficiency from the cases reported shows that the company is not ready to handle new emergence of a new order. A new order can lead to inefficiency leading to more time wasted, several complain, and an increased in quantity of vegetables discarded. Safety of employees and produce is a critical component in any operations of a company. Improvement of safety needs to take place at each stage of production. Safety of the produce in the company can be enhanced by employing electronically aided machines (Pitts 2017, p.143). Several tasks in the supply chain of the company are manually done that increases handling risks. Employees are directly in contact with several of the operations that also contribute to their safety. From the case it is reported that there is a rush among drivers delivering fresh vegetables who want to secure return order. The rush among the drivers can be a security risk that needs to be addressed. It can lead to quicker handling of produce resulting to breakages leading to more losses. Appropriate timing and handling need to planned to reduce the nature of the rush created by the truck drivers (Guo Peeta 2015, p.44). In conclusion the company can be able to handle the new order if only it improves its logistic and supply chain systems. Changes of the two systems will enhance the companys capacity, efficiency and improve its safety. The customers, and employees will have few complains leading to more productivity. The following are the recommendations for the company on its logistic and supply chain changes: Adopt an automated system to replace the manual system in handling and packing of the produce. The automated system will quicken processing and scheduling needs and reduce work load among the employees. The company can decide to have packaging done at the source to avoid double handling risks and costs emanating from the activity. It will also lead to fewer vegetables being discarded due to spoilage. Adopting a just in time policy that is post ponding processing and acquisition in order to fulfill certain orders. That will reduce the space for storage and increase capacity to handle more orders. Using a cold chain policy that ensures vegetables do not lose its nutritive appearance during transportation. It can be achieved by operating refrigerated fleet/trucks with suitable facilitations. The use of such will increase capacity storage needs and be able to manage the quality of the produce. The 2015 to 2016 increased levels of rail freight industry was brought about by diversification of cargo delivered. The diversification of freight cargos helped Ireland rail industry to thrive with much deliveries coming from soft drinks and medical supplies (Mangan, Lalwani Lalwani 2016, p.78). A total of 10.5 million tons kilometer of soft drinks and medical supplies were transferred using rail in a year. The two types of cargo contributed to an increase in the number of freight trains operating in 2016 by 6%. The transportation of the two cargos led to emergence of multi modal service train that operates along Dublin base, and warehousing logistics emerging across the rail ports. In 2015 the number of bulk trains carrying zinc ore and pulpwood increased by 6% which were operating from Ballina to Water ford where the industry is located. That made the industry to explore other areas of freights. In 2016 there was a breakthrough in the area of rail freight in Ireland when the industry employed diversification of the cargo (Waters Rinsler 2014, p.78). The rapid rails and the navigator were introduced. The rapid rails were used to deliver parcels to different destinations while the navigator rail trains were used to distribute automobile car parts. The two areas of rail freight positioned Ireland as one of the best providers of rail freights services in Europe (Gevaers, Maes, Van de Voorde Vanelslander 2015, p.140). Cargo handling is a major component in ensuring success in rail freight business. There should be suitable tools and equipments that can provide cargo handling solutions. Ireland parcel and automotive parts rail freight deliveries have invested in handling equipments that help in service delivery (Zhu, Crainic Gendreau 2014, p.395). Navigator rail freight is concerned with distribution of automobile car parts. The industry has employed manual and automated equipments that facilitate movement and distribution of the kind of freights. Order picking of car automated parts is provided by using pallets picking solutions which is aided by agile mobility automated guided vehicles (Nash 2015, p.62). The picking machine helps in raising huge parts of automotive and transferring them to containers ready to be transported. This machine is an example of lifting equipments employed by the rail freight industry. The industry is using containers attached to rails that are used to transport the bulky car automotive parts. Use of containers provides durability and security to the freight during transportations (Henderson Dell Products 2016, p.4). A conveyor sortation machine is used to sort smaller parts to ensure proper packaging is done. Huge cranes machinery is used to lift the large containers to be fitted to the rail trail ers (Kolga, Rakhmangulov, Osintsev, S?adkowski Stolpovskikh 2015 p.35). The layout of the yard is designed in a way to allow space for several operations including storage and offloading of containers to take place. Development of rapid rails freight was purposively designed and implemented to deliver parcels to several destinations. That prompted the industry to have several equipments and handling tools its use. The company is using a water proof sacks and wooden boxes to package a collection of parcels to be delivered to various destinations (Iwan, Kijewska, Lemke 2016, p.655). Carousels handling systems with storage rotating bins makes it easier for picking, sorting parcels and delivering them to several locations. Conveyors with belt are also use to quicken handling and transfer of parcels to ideal locations (Evangelista 2017, p.33). A sorting machine is fitted with the conveyors to establish the size and weight of each parcel to facilitate sorting and packaging. An automated scanner machine is available to check and ascertain the contents of the parcels and ensure security compliance. Forklifts are other mechanically operated machines used to transfer and stacking of the parcels ready for dispatch (Kokkinou 2015, p.45). Future development in the industry The future development in the two rail freight areas is on the use of technology and computerization (Guo Peeta 2015, p.68). A reduced human contact to the freight will be the main focus of future freight initiatives. Use of intelligent robots will come to place in future to replace human beings. For example the robotics will be used in sorting of car automotive parts. The use of automated delivery methods with aid of robots will replace certain handling machines in both areas of freight. In parcel industry the use of drones will replace the use of forklifts and other handling equipments. In the area of logistics the global integrators which uses complex information technology infrastructure will be employed. The complexity of the information technology system in parcel and car parts automotive freight delivery will facilitate communication and tracking solutions. Other rail freight industry changes on the two types of cargos are the employment of automated sort hubs. The hubs are t o provide efficient and quicker solutions that will increase capacity to sort more parcels within a certain period of time. Reference lists Daofang, C., Jinfeng, Z. and Danping, L., 2015. Cold chain logistics distribution network planning subjected to cost constraints.International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology,75, pp.1-10. Downing, J., 2017. Food hubs: The logistics of local.California Agriculture,71(3), pp.114-116. Evangelista, P., 2017. Information and communication technologies: a key factor in freight transport and logistics. InTraining in Logistics and the Freight Transport Industry(pp. 29-50). Routledge. Gevaers, R., Maes, J., Van de Voorde, E. and Vanelslander, T., 2015. Incumbents and new entrants in European rail freight. InRail economics, policy and regulation in Europe.-Cheltenham, 2015(pp. 138-170). Guo, Y. and Peeta, S., 2015. RailTruck Multimodal Freight Collaboration: Truck Freight Carrier Perspectives in the United States.Journal of Transportation Engineering,141(11), p.23-450. Iwan, S., Kijewska, K. and Lemke, J., 2016. Analysis of parcel lockers efficiency as the last mile delivery solutionthe results of the research in Poland.Transportation Research Procedia,12, pp.644-655. Kokkinou, A., 2015. A Note in the Logistics, Transportation and Competitiveness.Journal of Regional Socio-Economic Issues,5(1). Kolga, A., Rakhmangulov, A., Osintsev, N., S?adkowski, A. and Stolpovskikh, I., 2015. Robotic transport complex of automotive vehicles for handling of rock mass at the process of open cast mining.Transport Problems,10. Henderson, G.L., Dell Products LP, 2016.Adaptive information handling system rack rail mount. U.S. Patent 9,229,492. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. and Lalwani, C.L., 2016.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Nash, C., 2015. The evolving global railway industry.The Routledge Companion to Network Industries, p.82. Pitts, E., 2017. Agricultural Marketing in Ireland. InFood and Agribusiness Marketing in Europe(pp. 137-150). CRC Press. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Zhu, E., Crainic, T.G. and Gendreau, M., 2014. Scheduled service network design for freight rail transportation.Operations research,62(2), pp.383-400.

6 Steps to Finding a Second Job

6 Steps to Finding a Second Job Need a second job? The first thing you’ll need to do is figure out what kind of second job most suits you- do you want to work for someone else, or are you better off working towards starting a small business or trying self-employment? Then, think about your schedule. Most second jobs will choose you depending on the flexibility (or inflexibility) of the hours you have available. Do you need benefits? Is this a temporary solution? Or do you want a long-term gig? Figure out what sort of thing you’re looking for, then follow these easy tips towards finding yourself that extra paycheck. 1. Narrow your searches.Search parameters can be incredibly helpful when looking  for second jobs in particular, as you can select keywords that are deal-breakers for you, like â€Å"weekend† â€Å"evening† â€Å"freelance† â€Å"telecommute† â€Å"part-time† etc. and really narrow the field.2. Look for online gigs.Try looking for online jobs where you c an work from home- often in your pajamas- and still, supplement your income. Be careful to find the legitimate opportunities out there among the scams. Try online tutoring, or freelance writing, or even start an Etsy shop to sell your crafts.3. Go in person.If you’re looking for a second job in a restaurant or store or hotel, then going in person with a resume and a professional demeanor might just get you through the door. Make sure not to show up at the busiest times of day so you can actually get yourself noticed.4. Use your contacts.You’ve built a network for a reason. Use it. Put out feelers telling your contacts you’re looking to pick up a little extra work. You never know what you might turn up. Besides, they might come up with more unique opportunities than you could dredge up yourself. Try for something exciting or challenging or different to shake things up!5. Be upfront.Make it clear to your potential new employer that this would be your second job. T his is the best policy honesty-wise, but also will ensure that they are more understanding about your scheduling needs.6. Consider caregiving.Caregiver jobs are at an all-time high as far as demand is concerned. Whether you’re caring for pets or children or the elderly and infirm, there’s probably a gig out there that would work for you- and really help a family out when they most need it.

The story of Nick Traina Analysis essays

The story of Nick Traina Analysis essays Nick was like a burning cigarette tossed into the dry grass at the edge of a summer forest. He was a forest fire waiting to happen, and while the conflagration began to burn, and the flames began to devour him, none of us could yet see it. (pg. 55) Nicholas John Steel Traina suffered from a mental illness called bipolar, also known as manic-depressive. In the book His Bright Light Danielle Steel unravels the story of her tragic race against time to discover the key to her son Nicks happiness. She shares the joys and triumphs, the difficulties and trials of raising Nick. His mother, sister Beatrix, and his Guatemalan housekeeper Romelia raised Nicks until the age of three. Nick was an unexpected baby whose father was involved in the drug scene. The pull of addiction was to strong for Bill (Nicks father) causing him to be nonexistent for the first few years of Nicks life. After being through two divorces she believed she was ready again. When Nick was three Danielle met John Traina whom she admired and after six weeks became Nicks new father through marriage. John had two sons, Trevor and Todd who became Nicks brothers. This along with the fact that Nicks biological father decided to become a part of his life now was a lot of change for Nick at such a young age. So adapt to being the spoiled baby of the house he now had competition and it showed. Bill was now able to come visit Nick when he pleased. Clearly still using drugs, Danielle contacted the court and they decided that the many sporadic visits by a father Nick never knew could be tra umatic to his development. As a baby Nick developed mentally at an accelerated rate. He was saying words in both Spanish and English, and took his first steps at the age of 8 months, and spoke in sentences at one year, which is utterly remarkable. Nick had an appetite of a starving boy, ...

Communications & IT Technology and its impact on Poverty Essay

Communications & IT Technology and its impact on Poverty - Essay Example ess the potential to act as tools in support of poverty reduction because of their flexibility, addressing issues in education, healthcare, banking, and livelihoods. They can also empower people locally and strengthen promotion of human rights, which makes them an increasingly essential presence in emerging economies (UNCTD 94). By basing these economies around information and technology, governments in emerging economies could potentially enhance the livelihoods of their citizens, while also creating new livelihoods. Technology can help reduce poverty in rural areas of emerging economies through lending support to agriculture activities. An example is the Israeli state-owned Techno-Agriculture Program that seeks to shore up food security in sub-Saharan Africa and already boasts successful initiatives in Niger, as well as South Africa (Chilimo & Ngulube 98). By partnering with NGOs in these countries, such as World Vision and Green Senegal, the program has also been successfully introduced in Senegal. These programs make information better available to farmers in rural areas about best practices, especially when there is drought. ICT can also create employment opportunities directly through manufacture of hardware and indirectly by increasing their productivity, for example, through improving market information access and decreasing costs of transaction for poor traders and farmers. E-commerce programs can also help artisans in rural areas bypass exploitative middlemen, as well as corrupt governa nce, to market their products directly to the market (Chilimo & Ngulube 98). In addition, ICT provides multimedia applications for use in schools, thus enhancing skills and knowledge. This will provide students with knowledge required to become employers and skilled or semi-skilled employees. Overall ICT implementation is also a potential contributor to national GDP since a highly skilled, well informed, and skilled workforce will strengthen and complement multi-sectoral

How the media has altered public life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How the media has altered public life - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that cell phones play a fundamental role in the lives of human beings in the present-day societies.   Recent statistics indicate that the ongoing mobile technology has had greatly impacted individuals today. Ranging from making relations easy to reducing the globe into a small community, it is of great magnitude to comprehend how the mobile technology has influenced communication around the globe today. The industry has also witnessed mobile technology that is more multifarious than the ones used in the preceding centuries. Such mobile phones include iPhones, for instance, the blackberry phones that comprise of copious features like cameras, data storage, games, and text messengers amongst other composite features. With all these features, it is almost obvious that these gadgets are likely to take over the lives of individuals in the society. The use of cell phones in the society almost has no specific age group. Most persons hold the vie w that use of cell phones allows them to develop a sense of identity in the public arena. Davenport, LaRose & Straubhaar indicate that the use of mobile phones in the contemporary society can be termed as a compulsory need by the populace. This, on a great percentage, has a lot to do with the way people interrelate with each other in the society. With the introduction of the iPhones, for instance, the blackberry phones, the society has in simple terms be reduced to an ‘iPhone society’.   

Jurisprudence (law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Jurisprudence (law) - Essay Example being derived from a male perspective, therefore the basic question that arises is whether the assumption that law is neutral and can provide a fair hearing to all parties is justified. As a result, several feminist theories have been advanced – most notably, the equality theories, standpoint theories, ethics of care and postmodernism, all of which are examined below. These theories raise the question of whether existing universal standards and practices are indeed universal or whether in a social and legal context, long established norms conditioned from a male perspective need re-examination. While the goal of feminist jurisprudence remains the acquisition of equality for women on par with women, can this equality be achieved in the eyes of the law by gender neutral methods of analysis? As highlighted below, through an examination of the theories, it may be noted that it appears that sex is not an issue that can be so dismissed. This is the basic principle underlying the question of equal rights before the law for both men and women. Jurisprudence has remained a traditional male bastion with existing legal theories conditioned upon the premise of the â€Å"individual† as the philosophical basis for the legal system. Hence, earlier struggles for equal rights by women were centered upon proving to the higher authorities that women deserved equal treatment, but this was still on the basis that they were individuals. Feminist jurisprudence questions whether the â€Å"individual† as conceived in law is itself relevant? For example, MacLaughlin points out that the liberal perspectives of law as a fair and just system that protects is rights of all individuals is based upon treating all persons indiscriminately – but how can such a universal standard be defined in the context of differing constituencies and differing conceptions?3 While she upholds the feminist view that the rights of women as individuals must be upheld, she does not view this as being exclusive

Soft Systems Methodology Analysis Construction Essay

Soft Systems Methodology Analysis Construction Essay This essay investigates Soft Systems Methodology, which is a way of dealing with problem situations in which there is a high social, political and human activity component. SSM varies from other methodologies as it does not deal with the HARD problems that are more technically oriented but instead it deals with SOFT problems. Organizations are making large investments in construction projects. Many factors affect the successful achievement of projects, and to be considered successful, project objectives and specifications must be achieved on time and on budget, also projects should meet Stakeholders expectations and realize measurable benefits. But construction projects are often difficult to estimate and manage; some projects are cancelled or reduced in scope because of overruns in cost and or time, or failure to produce expected benefits. That what makes risk management for construction projects a challenging task. FIGURE 1 SOFT SYSTEM METHODOLOGY: Soft System Methodology is the brainwave of  Professor Peter Checkland. The methodology was devised as a result of consultancy work (Platt, 1995).  Hutchings (2006) explains this development as an approach which can be accessed in the situation where Hard System Methodologies are fruitless. He writes,   When confronted with complex real world problems which cannot be defined solely in the scientific terms, Checkland was forced to abandon the classic system engineering thinking which could not describe fully the situation he faces. This led to a fundamental reappraisal of the classics hard approach and the subsequent development of the Soft Methodology. Hence, SSM is classified as a generic methodology (Wilson, 1992) which should be adapted to any given situation. It deals with fuzzy problem situations situations where people are viewed not as passive objects, but as active subjects, where objectives are unclear or where multiple objectives may exist (Rosenhead, 1989). This is explained as human activity system (HAS)   a collection of activities, in which people are purposefully engaged, and the relationships between the activities (Platt, 1995).  Hence SSM is a qualitative technique that can be used for applying System Thinking to non-systematic situations. It follows its progression in seven stages as laid down by Checkland in seven stage model which  is considered by most people to be  the  SSM (Platt, 1995). The seven stages are incorporated into two parts: the real world and systems thinking, as illustrated  in Figure 2. The diagram is divided into two halves. The upper half (Stages 1, 2, 5, 6, 7) are activities th at take place in the real world that is they are based on the knowledge and experience of the participant of how things are to them (Beckford 1998) and therefore should involve people in the problem situation. The bottom half (Stages 3,4,4a,4b) are systems thinking activities which are carried out in the language of systems and may or may not involve people in the problem situation, depending on the circumstances of study  (Johnson, 1999).   FIGURE 2: LEARNING CYCLE OF SSM Effective Risk Management: Project risk management consists of two stages: Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Risk Assessment is an iterative process; it can take place at any stage and during any time of the project lifecycle, though the sooner the better. Risk Control cannot be effective without a previous risk assessment. TYPES OF RISKS IN CONSTRUCTION: Risk in the design (Flanagan, Norman):   The design risk includes:   Errors in the drawing and design by the architects, structural engineer,   Risk of finishing the drawing in the agreed time, Risk due to number of revisions made in the drawings,  Risk due to the mistake in estimation and costing. Risk arising by the contractor:   Risk occurring due to the in experience of the contractor in doing the kind of project, Risk occurring due to the lack of coordination with the sub contractors and the suppliers which results in delay of the work, Risk due to the manpower mismanagement and also due to the issues regarding claims, disputes, Risk due to the delay in payment of bill to the contractor by the client. Risk arising by the client:   Risk due to not giving insufficient information on the clients needs to the contractor,  Risk due to delay in making important decision, Risk due to the wrong selection of procurement route to construction of the building,  Risk of delay due to changes in the architectural drawing and the design calculations,. Risk arising in the site:   Risk due to improper soil investigation in the site which results in problems like water logging, Risk due to problem with the transportation facility to the site which delays in the delivery of the materials to the site. Other miscellaneous risks: Risk in delay of the project due to the delay in the approval from the local authorities, Risk due to some political interferences,  Risk due to the problems raised by the neighbourhood property owners,  Risk due to the existence of previous building in the site. FIGURE 4: RISK IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT The Role of Each Stake Holder Involved: The stake holders involved in the Risk management study (Lambeck, Eschemuller) are: Risk Manager:   He is the head of the risk management study. He initiates the meeting with the client and submits the risk management report to the client. The risk manager will prepare a risk management evaluation report to submit to the client. Architect:   Architect works on the design of the building based on the requirements given by the client.   He is responsible for the design and he has to make sure that the design is proper and the risk of changes in the drawing is minimal. Structural Engineer:   The structural Engineer proves the structural design of the project. He is responsible for the structural stability and the safety of the building. He can change the architect drawing if there is no structural feasibility in the design. Project Manager:   The Project Manager is the main representative from the client side who is responsible for the whole construction work. He calculates the time limit to finish the project and also looks in to the quality considerations. He coordinates the construction team and make sure that the potential of risk is minimum. Quantity Surveyor: The quantity Surveyor is a main part and works on the cost aspect of the project. He will be responsible for selecting and delivering different materials for the construction. The estimates proposed by the QS will be very competitive. Client: The client is the owner of the project. The client will be providing his requirements to the project team. There fore his satisfaction with each of the proposals is very important. Service Engineer:   The service engineer is responsible for the risk involved in the service provided in the building such as electrical, plumbing, air conditioning etc. The Information Client will need to provide to the Workshop Participants before Each Study:   The client provides the requirements he expects from the study to the stake Holders such as Architect, Structural Engineer and Quantity Surveyor etc. the information client has to provide are: The aim and the objective of the project: Quality expectations: Quality is an important factor and has to be considered for the project. All the materials used for the project should be of high quality and proper checking has to be done by the project manager. Allocated budget: The budget allotted for the project has to be clearly defined. This will help in calculating the coast control techniques. The whole life cycle cost of the project and the cost certainties also has to be evaluated. There fore a detailed risk management study has to be carried out during the pre defining stage. Time limit: The time limit to complete the project has to be finalised and should be finished in the calculated time since it adversely affect the project budget. There fore the time required for the design and the execution of the project has to be calculated. The list of machineries going to be installed in the project: It is needed to fix the electrical connection. The risk manager should be provided with the plans of future expansion if there is any. Site Details: The site consideration such as the size and shape of the site and the area in which the site is situated has to meet the project objective. Hard and Soft Systems: Hard systems thinking are goal-directed as the particular study begins with the definition of the desirable goal to be achieved. It is essentially concerned with the question of how to achieve a predetermined aim. Soft is concerned with defining the options for improvement thus addressing the what to do question. It is also committed to the examination of human activity, which is the other soft part of the equation, in hard systems thinking a goal is assumed. The overall purpose of the methods used by the analyst is to modify the system in some way so that this goal is achieved in the most efficient manner. Whereas hard systems thinking is concerned with the how of the problem, in soft systems thinking, the objectives of the systems are assumed to be more complex than a simple goal that can be achieved and measured. Every system can be said to have a set of purposes or missions rather than goals. Understanding of soft systems can be achieved through debate with the actors in the sys tems. Emphasis is placed on the what as well as the how of the system. Conclusion: To deliver successful construction projects that meet the three deliverables (budget, time, and customer satisfaction), project managers should spend time assessing and managing risk, and allocating contingency and management reserves, so that any risk that arises will be mitigated, following risk assessment and planning. Without maintaining a contingency reserve, the project manager is forced to go back for additional time or dollars for every risk as it becomes a problem. Also to attain successful projects, the project managers have to follow a soft system methodology to ensure that the project starts with a chance of achievement.   BIBLIOGRAPHY: Michael. F. Dallas (2006)-   Value and Risk Management- A guide to best practise N.J. Smith, Managing risks in construction projects Beckford, J. (1998),  Quality: A Critical Introduction,  Oxford: Routledge Hutchings, J. (2006),  A Soft System Framework for the Conservation Management of Material Cultural Heritage  in Alan, D. (2008) Managerial Problem Solving,  Newport:  University  of  WALES Johnson, A. (1999),  Using Soft Systems Methodology in the Analysis of Public Involvement in EIA Platt, A. and Warwick, S. (1995),  Review of Soft System Methodologies, Journal: Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol 95, No. 4, Page 19-21 Checkland, P. (1981),  Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Wiley:  Chichester Reason, P. and Bradbury, H. (2001)  Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice,  London: Sage  Ã‚   Rosenhead, J. (1989),  Rational Analysis of a Problematic World, Wiley:  Chichester Wilson, B. (1992),  Systems: Concepts, Methodologies and Applications, Wiley,  Chichester, Roger Flanagan, George Norman: Risk management and construction By Richard Lambeck, John Eschemuller: Urban Construction Project Management Introduction: 1 Soft System Methodology: 1 Effective Risk Management: 3 Types Of Risks In Construction: 4 The Role of Each Stake Holder Involved: 5 Hard and Soft Systems: 7 Conclusion: 8

Music Diaries :: essays research papers

The Beatles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I enjoyed the music of The Beatles. I felt that their songs were fun and uplifting. They had enjoyable beats and were easy to dance and listen to. Listening to their music didn?t put me to sleep. That is a good thing. They didn?t always have to have a meaning behind their music. Some of the songs that they wrote were just a result of them screwing around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The one thing that I did notice was that I could understand every word they were singing in their songs. That is another reason that I enjoyed their music so much. There have been many groups in the past, and there are many groups today that don?t know how to make music. All they can do is make racket and scream into a microphone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were a couple of Beatles songs that did have a very serious meaning and others that were just about drugs and good times. Unless you were sitting down and really analyzing their music you were not able to figure out that they were singing about drugs. After they met Dylan there music did make a drastic change, but they still had the respect of their audiences and still do today. They have definitely made a difference in the music industry. May 21, 1998 period 1 Queen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Queen is a very fun group to listen to. Their upbeat crazy music keeps people listening. They became more and more popular with every new album they released. Queen?s songs often had several hidden meanings. We think that they were just having fun when they wrote certain songs, but in reality they were expressing themselves. A lot of the meanings went unknown for a very long time and some are still making people wonder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They also had a very talented band. This made it easier to make the background music in their songs interesting. The guitar solos are excellent, the drummer is great, and the vocals are very enjoyable. There are many that feel that the fact that the lead was a bisexual changed the quality of their music. I don?t believe that. Queen was Queen, no matter what, they were good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a reason that they had nineteen albums, eight gold and six platinum, they played quality music. I am glad there music is still appreciated around the world today. May 21, 1998 period 1 The Sex Pistols   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a group I wouldn?t mind never hearing again.